![]() It ends with curse formulae for later princes who may dare to erase Ashurnaṣirpal’s name from his inscriptions. ![]() Therefore, these inscriptions are a symbol of great wealth and extravagance. This is an anomaly for cuneiform texts, which were usually written on clay. ![]() After giving the titles of the king, the text introduces itself as a foundation inscription, written on gold and silver (the silver parallel of this copy was found alongside the gold). This is a foundation inscription buried under the palace of Ashurnaṣirpal in the city Apqu (modern Tell Abu Marya, see link ), where it was found millennia later by archaeologists. Example of cuneiform writing from a gold tablet of Ashurnaṣirpal II. A photograph of a cuneiform tablet for the sake of illustration can be seen in Fig 1.įig 1. Thus, cuneiform sources are relevant to the early history of mankind and to the history of the ancient Middle East in its cultural context. Even during the Hellenistic period, textual production continued, mostly in Babylonian temple communities: the last dated cuneiform documents were written during the first century CE. From each of these genres different aspects of life in ancient Mesopotamia may be gleaned. A wide variety of texts have been written in Akkadian, such as royal inscriptions, literature, scientific and lexical compendia, wisdom compositions and liturgical literature, correspondence, and legal, administrative and economic documents. Akkadian is our main cultural source of the most prominent civilizations of the ancient Near East: these include the Akkadian Empire of Sargon in the third millennium BCE, the Empires of the Late Bronze Age for which Akkadian served as lingua franca, and the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and in part also the Persian Empires. In all, at least 600,000 inscribed clay tablets and hundreds of inscriptions on stones and other materials are held in museums around the world. About 2,500 years of human activity have been recorded in several dialects of this language across most of the ancient Near East. It was used to write one of the main languages of the ancient world, Akkadian, which belongs, like Hebrew and Arabic, to the Semitic language family. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ĭuneiform is one of the earliest forms of writing known in mankind’s history. 3-16464 (Sh.G.) & the Joint Research Project on Biophysics LMU Munich - Tel Aviv University, Grant no. ![]() The related code is publicly available from the GitHub repository ( ).įunding: This research was supported by the ministry of science and technology, Israel, Grant no. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information file. Received: ApAccepted: SeptemPublished: October 28, 2020Ĭopyright: © 2020 Gordin et al. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, ITALY (2020) Reading Akkadian cuneiform using natural language processing. Citation: Gordin S, Gutherz G, Elazary A, Romach A, Jiménez E, Berant J, et al.
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